The abstract noun 'civilization', meaning 'civilized condition', came in the 1760s, again from French. Related words like 'civility' developed in the mid-16th century. He said that the world crisis was from humanity losing the ethical idea of civilization, 'the sum total of all progress made by man in every sphere of action and from every point of view in so far as the progress helps towards the spiritual perfecting of individuals as the progress of all progress'. In The Philosophy of Civilization (1923), Albert Schweitzer outlines two opinions: one purely material and the other material and ethical. The fundamental treatise is Norbert Elias's The Civilizing Process (1939), which traces social mores from medieval courtly society to the Early Modern period. The English word civilization comes from the 16th-century French civilisé ('civilized'), from Latin civilis ('civil'), related to civis ('citizen') and civitas ('city'). The earliest emergence of civilizations is generally connected with the final stages of the Neolithic Revolution, culminating in the relatively rapid process of urban revolution and state-formation, a political development associated with the appearance of a governing elite. Ĭivilization, as its etymology (see below) suggests, is a concept originally associated with towns and cities. Civilization concentrates power, extending human control over the rest of nature, including over other human beings. Civilizations are organized densely-populated settlements divided into hierarchical social classes with a ruling elite and subordinate urban and rural populations, which engage in intensive agriculture, mining, small-scale manufacture and trade. In this broad sense, a civilization contrasts with non-centralized tribal societies, including the cultures of nomadic pastoralists, Neolithic societies or hunter-gatherers however, sometimes it also contrasts with the cultures found within civilizations themselves. Historically, 'a civilization' has often been understood as a larger and 'more advanced' culture, in implied contrast to smaller, supposedly primitive cultures. Civilizations are intimately associated with and often have characteristics such as centralization, the domestication of plant and animal species (including humans), specialization of labour, culturally-ingrained ideologies of progress and supremacism, monumental architecture, taxation, societal dependence upon farming and expansionism.

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